{"id":438,"date":"2014-07-24T07:48:35","date_gmt":"2014-07-24T07:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/2014\/07\/24\/a-popular-front-for-russian-nationalism-dale-street-2014\/"},"modified":"2014-07-24T07:48:35","modified_gmt":"2014-07-24T07:48:35","slug":"a-popular-front-for-russian-nationalism-dale-street-2014","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/2014\/07\/24\/a-popular-front-for-russian-nationalism-dale-street-2014\/","title":{"rendered":"A Popular Front for Russian Nationalism – Dale Street (2014)"},"content":{"rendered":"


\nA Popular Front for Russian Nationalism
\nThe \u201cManifesto of the Popular Front for the National Liberation of Ukraine, Novorossiya and Transcarpathian Rus\u2019.\u201d (1)
\nby Dale Street<\/strong><\/em>
\nThis is the title of the manifesto adopted at a conference \u2013 attended by people who regard themselves as being of the left, and by representatives of various brands of Russian nationalism, including the most virulent \u2013 held in Yalta (Crimea) in early July. (2)
\nBut trying to rally support among, say, European or US trade unionists for a popular front for the national liberation of Transcarpathian Rus\u2019, in alliance with Russian fascists, is likely to be an uphill struggle.
\nThe conference therefore produced a second document, drafted to be more \u2018sellable\u2019 to a labour movement mileu: \u201cThe Yalta Declaration\u201d. (3)
\nLike its literary output, the conference was an exercise in political charlatanism. Entitled \u201cThe World Crisis and the Confrontation in Ukraine\u201d, it was yet another occasion in which bogus \u2018anti-imperialism\u2019 trumped not just basic socialist principles but also plain common sense.
\n\u201cWestern Intellectuals\u201d<\/strong>
\nAttending such a conference in the Crimea was itself a political statement of support for Putin\u2019s annexation of the peninsula. As one article backing the conference put it:
\n\u201cThe mere fact of the arrival in Crimea of an entire delegation of western intellectuals in and of itself is already a form of support for the changes which have taken place (i.e. the annexation of Crimea) and a blow to the various initiatives for a boycott of Russia.\u201d (4)
\nTo talk of \u201can entire delegation of western intellectuals\u201d is something of an exaggeration, both in terms of quantity and quality. Attendance at the conference numbered \u201cbetween 50 and 70\u201d, of whom \u201cabout a dozen came from the USA, Canada, Sweden, England, Austria, Germany and Russia.\u201d (5)
\nAlan Freeman (a \u201cSocialist Action\u201d member who \u2013 like the rest of his comrades \u2013 was once a bagcarrier for Ken Livingstone and then moved into academia after his paymaster\u2019s defeat by Boris Johnstone) was one attendee from England.
\nThe other English attendee was Richard Brenner, a leading member of \u201cWorkers Power\u201d and member of the grossly misnamed \u201cSolidarity with the Anti-Fascist Resistance in Ukraine\u201d.
\nTord Bj\u00f6rk, an environmental activist since the early 1970s and organizer of the European Social Forum, came from Sweden. Kai Ehlers, a \u201cself-employed researcher, author, and press and radio publicist\u201d, came from Germany.
\nThe Austrian contingent at the conference consisted of Hermann Dworczak, the 1970s leader of the Trotskyist Group of Revolutionary Marxists who now spends his retirement trying to build a broad party of the left.
\nJeff Sommers and Radikha Desai came from the USA and Canada, both of them academics and writers on contemporary economics. The approach of the latter in particular can be summed up as: \u201cbacking whoever contests US hegemony \u2013 a wretched apology for some of the worst regimes on the planet.\u201d (6)
\nAnother Canadian attendee was Roger Annis. His website shows him to live in a political universe where Russian imperialism does not exist, Russia\u2019s \u201cresponse\u201d to events in Ukraine has been \u201cmeasured\u201d, \u201cfearmongering\u201d about Russian military intervention is \u201cmisleading and deceptive\u201d, and Russia, like Iran, should be defended in the name of \u2018anti-imperialism\u2019. (7)
\nAnd that, apart from one other Canadian attendee, not named in any of the conference reports, constituted the entirety of the \u201cdelegation of western intellectuals\u201d and \u201cdelegates from networks of international solidarity with the resistance to war in Ukraine\u201d who attended the conference.
\nBoris Kagarlitsky<\/strong>
\nOnly three Russians are mentioned by name in the conference reports: Boris Kagarlitsky and Vasily Koltashov (Director and Deputy Director of the Institute for Global Research and Social Movements) and Alla Glinchikova (Moscow State Humanitarian University).
\nKoltashov and Glinchikova are academics. Kargarlitsky, on the other hand, can point to a long record of socialist political activism stretching back to the days of the Soviet Union. That merely serves to underline the distance he has travelled politically to where he is now.
\nKagarlitsky has attacked Ukrainian socialists for intervening in the Maidan protests (dominated, he says, by fascist slogans), and for failing to support what he calls \u201cthe perfect embodiment of the anarchist concept of the revolutionary order\u201d which he has discovered in the Donetsk and Lugansk People\u2019s Republics. (8)
\nAnd now he writes articles praising Strelkov-Girkin, a Russian nationalist who wants to reduce Ukraine to the borders of historical Galicia, and who fought for the Russian separatists in Transnistria, for Milosevic in Bosnia, and for Putin in the two Chechen wars:
\n\u201cStrelkov promises to maintain order in Donetsk, and there is no reason not to take him at his word. War will be declared on the criminality, looting and anarchy of the field commanders. Military discipline, which was successfully maintained in besieged Slaviansk, will be established in Donetsk as well.\u201d (9)
\n(What one wonders, happened to \u201cthe perfect embodiment of the anarchist concept of the revolutionary order\u201d? Was Strelkov-Girkin\u2019s subsequent imposition of martial law on Donetsk really an example of how \u201cthe revolutionary order \u2026 formulates its agenda from below\u201d?)
\nKagarlitsky is equally concerned about unfair criticism of the self-proclaimed People\u2019s Governor of the Donetsk People\u2019s Republic, Pavel Gubarev.
\nPeople circulate \u201cstories that in his youth he was briefly involved in the radical-right-wing Russian Popular Unity (RPU) party\u201d, complains Kagarlitsky, but Gubarev \u201csplit from the RPU a long time ago and characterizes his current views as \u2018left-of-centre\u2019.\u201d (9)
\nThis is very careless writing by Kagarlitsky. The full quote in question from Gubarev reads:
\n\u201cI call myself a Russian nationalist, but with the qualification that genuine Russian nationalism is not ethnic but spiritual and humanitarian. Today it would be more correct to describe my views as national-patriotism, with left-of-centre leanings. Russians and Ukrainians are one people, but some people have simply forgotten this.\u201d (10)
\nAlexander Prokhanov<\/strong>
\nKagarlitsy is equally careless in not mentioning that shortly before he wrote his article dismissing Gubarev\u2019s sins of his youth the same Pavel Gubarev became chair of the Donetsk branch of the Izborsky Club. (11)
\nThe Izborsky Club is a \u2018think tank\u2019 initiated by Alexander Prokhanov, Russia\u2019s best-known exponent of an ideological cocktail which mixes elements of anti-semitism, fascism, Stalinism, mysticism, state-authoritarianism, Russian ultra-nationalism and Russian imperialism.
\nOverall, and more succinctly, his politics can simply be defined as a form of fascism. But his fascism does not prevent him from being an admirer of \u2018communism\u2019: Russian television recently broadcast a programme made by Prokhanov singing the praises of North Korea.
\nProkhanov himself met with attendees at the Yalta conference. An article on the website of Prokhanov\u2019s newspaper \u201cZavtra\u201d, full of praise for the conference and its Manifesto (the text of which is currently carried on the front page of the paper\u2019s website), reported:
\n\u201cIn the course of the conference a meeting took place with members of the Izborsky Club, which was holding its most recent session in Yalta. [What a coincidence!]
\n\u201cThe well-known Russian writer, activist and ideologue Alexander Prokhanov addressed the activists of the (anti-fascist) resistance and representatives of Novorossiya, providing an exposition of his view of the situation and the perspectives of its development.\u201d (12)
\nNeedless to say, none of the reports by the members of the \u201cdelegation of Western intellectuals\u201d, nor nothing written by Kagralitsky and his academic colleagues, mentions this meeting with Russia\u2019s best-known fascist by at least some of the conference\u2019s participants.
\nAleksei Anpilogov<\/strong>
\nAs for the non-Western and non-Russian conference attendees, Ehlers writes in his report of the event that \u201cfour fifths (of the total attendance) came from the autonomous republics of Donetsk and Lugansk and from other parts of Ukraine striving for autonomy.\u201d
\nNot many of those Ukrainian attendees are mentioned by name in the conference reports. But those who are named make surprising company for socialists, and strange co-signatories to a Declaration backed so enthusiastically by \u201can entire delegation of Western intellectuals\u201d.
\nAleksei Anpilogov is modestly listed amongst the signatories to the Declaration as \u201cAleksei Anpilogov (Ukraine).\u201d For reasons soon to become apparent, it is worth spending some time on Anpilogov\u2019s politics and political activities.
\nIn an interview earlier this year with Prokhanov\u2019s \u201cZavtra\u201d newspaper \u2013 the politics of which are as fascist as those of its editor \u2013 Anpilogov explained his view of the current conflict in Ukraine:
\n\u201cThe attempt by the Ukrainian oligarchs to create a \u2018cheap\u2019 state of the fascist variety, which was \u2018built into\u2019 the attempt by the West to create a field laboratory for the destruction of the Russian Federation, has essentially failed.
\nWashington needs to turn Ukraine into a wasteland. What the Americans need is a zone of chaos and total civil war on the borders with Russia, from where Banderite suicide-bombers, in a race with Caucasian Islamist extremists, will head off to blow up the Moscow metro and atomic power stations.\u201d (13)
\nApart from being interviewed by \u201cZavtra\u201d, Anpilogov has written for the newspaper both before (14) and after (15) the Yalta conference. In recent months he has written a total of 22 articles for the paper, either individual articles in his own name or shorter articles included as part of a \u201cforum\u201d of \u201cexpert opinion\u201d on a particular issue. (16)
\nThe date of publication of one of those articles even coincided with one of the days on which the Yalta conference itself took place. (17)
\nThe \u201cZavtra\u201d forums of \u201cexpert opinion\u201d to which Anpilogov has contributed have included other prominent spokespersons for far-right Russian nationalism (such as Anatoly Wasserman and Anatoly El-Myurid), Eduard Limonov (leader of the far-right \u201cAnother Russia\u201d), and the internationally \u2018renowned\u2019 anti-semite Israel Shamir.
\nAnpilogov has also done a broadcast for the paper\u2019s television station \u201cDjen\u201d (18). \u201cDjen\u201d shares the politics of \u201cZavtra\u201d. It takes its name from the predecessor of the \u201cZavtra\u201d newspaper, which Prokhanov also edited.
\nAnpilogov is the president of the \u201cFund for the Support of Scientific Research and the Development of Civil Initiatives, \u2018Osnovaniye\u2019\u201d.
\nA multitude of initiatives and bank accounts have been set up by Russian nationalists to raise money for humanitarian and military assistance for civilians and armed separatists in south-east Ukraine. Anpilogov\u2019s Osnovaniye is the one used by Prokhanov and his fascist coterie in the Izborsky Club for this purpose.
\nIn May and July of this year \u201cZavtra\u201d carried a financial appeal signed by Prokhanov and other members of the Izborsky Club. The appeal, having been endorsed by Prokhanov, was widely circulated by Russian-nationalist websites. The appeal called for donations to be made through Osnovaniye:
\n\u201cBattling Donbass and Odessa in insurrection need our help. Medicines are needed, money is needed to create centres of IT resistance. Not least of all, money is still needed for the people\u2019s militia!
\nToday the frontline in the anti-fascist patriotic war runs through Kharkov, Donetsk and Lugansk, along the barricades of Slaviansk and Kramatorsk, and to the people\u2019s pickets of Odessa in flames. Everything for the front! Everything for the victory!
\nHere are the details of the fund which the newspaper (i.e. \u2018Zavtra\u2019) and the Izborsky Club work with, within the framework of assistance to anti-fascist Ukraine, and through which donations can be sent: Fund for the Support of Scientific Research and the Development of Civil Initiatives, \u2018Osnovaniye\u2019 \u2026 President: Anpilogov, Aleksei Yevgenyevich.\u201d (19)
\nAnother organization of which Anpilogov is the president is the Centre of Co-ordination and Support for Novaya Rus, also known as the Centre of Support and Co-ordination of the Activities of the South-East of Ukraine, and the Centre of Co-ordination and Support for the Ukrainian Federation.
\nApart from its website, the organization(s) appears to have no actual existence. Until recently, the goals of the organization(s) were defined as:
\n\u201cThe struggle against the fascist junta which has seized power in Kiev. The struggle for the freedom of the citizens of Novorossiya. The struggle of the Russian World for the right to live according to its own laws, free of Neanderthal Galician nationalism and of oligarchic fascism of the Latin-American variety.\u201d (20)
\nIts website now carries a new set of aims, with a greater emphasis on promoting the politics of the Donetsk and Lugansk People\u2019s Republics, raising material support, and \u201dbreaking through the information blockade in the Western mass media.\u201d (21)
\nBut its previous aims are still reflected in the organisation\u2019s financial appeal to help those who \u201cdo not want to live according to the laws of Neanderthal Galician nationalism and oligarchic fascism, who see Ukraine and Novorossiya only in a union with fraternal Russia.\u201d (22)
\nThe relevance of the above to the Yalta conference is simple and direct.
\nThree organisations came together to stage the conference. (23) One was Kagarlitsky\u2019s Institute for Global Research and Social Movements. The other two were Osnovaniye (President: Aleksei Anpilogov) and the Centre of Co-ordination and Support for Novaya Rus\u2019 (President: Aleksei Anpilogov).
\nThat is to say, the leading figure of two of three organisations who staged the Yalta conference in order to rally support for the \u2018anti-fascist resistance\u2019 in Ukraine is a collaborator with the fascist Alexander Prokhanov, regularly writes for \u201cZavtra\u201d, and is regularly called upon by \u201cZavtra\u201d to provide an \u201cexpert opinion\u201d.
\nIt is not surprising, therefore, that \u201cZavtra\u201d has welcomed the conference and the Manifesto. And perhaps the fact that the conference was staged at the same time and in the same place as a meeting of Prokhanov\u2019s Izborsky Club was not such a coincidence after all.
\n(In its report of the conference \u201cZavtra\u201d listed only the two organisations headed by Anpilogov as the organisers of the conference. It probably, and correctly, considered any \u2018left\u2019 input the conference and Manifesto so irrelevant and insignificant that it was not worth even mentioning.)
\nVladimir Rogov<\/strong>
\nAnother Ukrainian attendee at the conference was Vladimor Rogov. He too deserves more publicity than the mere words \u201cValadimir Rogov (Ukraine)\u201d which are to be found in the list of signatories to the Yalta Declaration.
\nRogov is the leader of the Slavic Guards and the International Georgian League (the symbol of which is the Ribbon of St. George, which has more recently been adopted as the symbol of the separatist movement).
\nRogov\u2019s description of the purpose of the Slavic Guards applies as much to the role of the International Georgian League (although the latter also contains a strong religious element):
\n\u201cInitially we emphasized the military-patriotic education of youth on the basis of the examples of past generations. We teach a respectful attitude to everything that was good in the times of the USSR, we do not sweep aside the historical experience of that epoch. The Soviet people was a people-creator, and we are its heirs.\u201d (24)
\nWhile the Slavic Guards hark back to the USSR, the International Georgian League goes back rather further in time, commemorating in particular the anniversary of the Pereyaslavskya Rada (Council) of 1654:
\n\u201cThe Rada saved our people from national and religious slavery. As a result of the Rada, Ukraine matured within the framework of the Russian Empire. As a result of the Rada, our people created the most powerful state in Europe, and then in the entire world.
\nWe are one people! Fraternal peoples cannot be separated from one another, we have a single historical and spiritual inheritance. Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia \u2013 this is Holy Rus\u2019!\u201d (25)
\nOne of the declared goals of the Yalta conference was to \u201cexpose what is really going on in the region\u201d and, in the words of the \u201cZavtra\u201d report, to \u201cbreach the information blockade and tell broad layers of the public the truth about the terror unleashed by the fascist junta.\u201d For Rogov, examples of \u201cwhat is really going on\u201d and \u201cthe truth\u201d include:
\n\u201cThe Kiev junta is actively carrying out the orders of the USA: to stop the supply of Russian gas to western Europe, so that Europe is forced to buy liquid gas from the Americans themselves. This is also another serious blow to the Russian economy. In Poltava the first blowing-up of a gas-pipeline has been carried out.\u201d (26)
\n\u201cI also have at my disposal information about the IL-76 which was shot down (in mid-June). Official figures say that 49 people died. In fact, it was a lot more. 211 passengers were on the plane. 49 of them were Ukrainians, but the rest were mercenaries from Poland and Lithuania.
\nOur militia heard about who the passengers were and tried to convince the crew not to fly. But the junta did not allow them to stay, threatening the pilots that their families would be killed. This resulted in what we know about already.
\nThe junta does not care about the fatalities in the Donbas. But the loss of the mercenaries was a great tragedy for them, as they had to account for them to the USA.\u201d (27)
\nAt various times Rogov has also \u2018exposed\u2019 Yanukovich\u2019s role in the Maidan protests (\u201cPresident of Ukraine and foreign agent Yanukovich treacherously prepared the Euromaidan\u201d (28)), the role of the Rand Corporation in supposedly drawing up Ukraine\u2019s military strategy (29), and the threat to Ukraine from Euro-gay-rights (30).
\nThe latter was adopted by Rogov\u2019s Slavic Guards as a \u2018cause celebre\u2019. In 2013 the Guards plastered Zaporozhe city centre with posters carrying pictures of a military parade and a gay parade, and asking the question \u201cWhich Parade Will Your Son Take Part In?\u201d (31)
\nIn fact, a hostile identification of the European Union with gay rights is a constant theme of the advocates of a breakaway of south-east Ukraine. Thus, at the Yalta conference itself, Koltashov, the Deputy Director of Kagarlitsky\u2019s Institute, declared:
\n\u201cThe struggle against the new Kiev authorities is really a struggle against the EU, only not just in the form of a rejection of the politics of the destruction of the family and heterosexual relationships but in the form of a rejection of the entire anti-social neo-liberal policies of the western elites.\u201d (32))
\nTranscarpathian Rus\u2019<\/strong>
\nRogov is also the President of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Parliament of the Union of People\u2019s Republics of Novorossiya (UPRN), a matter of some significance for his attendance at the Yalta conference:
\n\u201cIn the course of the Yalta conference (July 2014) official discussions took place between the leadership of the Republic of Transcarpathian Rus\u2019 (RTR, represented by Pyotr Ivanovich Getsko, Prime Minister of the RTR) and the leadership of the parliament of the UPRN (represented by Vladimir Valeryevich Rogov).
\nAn understanding was reached about signing in the immediate future a full inter-state agreement about a union, mutual aid in the destruction of fascism in eastern Euope, and aid for the territories of the UPRN occupied by the Kiev junta.
\nPresent at the ceremony which marked the signing of this understanding were representatives of countries and social organisations from the European Union, the USA and Canada.\u201d (33)
\nRogov opened his account of this event with the words \u201cWe are at the start of a great road.\u201d But none of the reports of the Yalta conference even mentioned this epochal ceremony \u2013 although some, at least, of the conference were present at it.
\nWhatever, from a socialist perspective, the appropriate status might be for Transcarpathian Rus\u2019, independence for the region is certainly popular with the far right.
\nThe Hungarian fascists of Jobbik support it. So too does \u201cZavtra\u201d. In April of this year \u201cZavtra\u201d published a particularly sympathetic interview with Getsko. (34) And a week after the Yalta conference, under the headline \u201cA Blow From the Rear\u201d, it reproduced a much longer interview which \u201cPravda\u201d had conducted with Getsko. (35)
\nAnastasia Pyaterikova<\/strong>
\nAnother Ukrainian attendee at the Yalta conference was Anastasia Pyaterikova, listed amongst the signatories to the conference Declaration as \u201cAnastasia Pyaterikova (Lugansk People\u2019s Republic)\u201d.
\nIt is unclear whether this means that she attended as an official representative or, more likely, merely as someone from Lugansk (given that there is no evidence that she holds any particular position in the Lugansk People\u2019s Republic).
\nPyaterikova is a former member of the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine (an affiliate of the All-Russia People\u2019s Union, launched by Putin in May 2011). She joined the Lugansk Guards in 2013 and is now one of its leading figures.
\nFearing arrest in Lugansk, Pyaterikova fled to Voronezh in Russia in March of 2014, where she spoke at rallies organized by the Russian Great Fatherland Party, the name of which sums up its politics: \u201cUkraine, Russia, Belorussia \u2013 A United Rus\u2019!\u201d and \u201cA United Power \u2013 A Great Fatherland!\u201d (36)
\n\u201cI will not hide the fact: most of our activists (i.e. of the Lugansk Guards) are in favour of unification with Russia,\u201d explained Pyaterikova in an interview with the \u201cEurasia\u201d website. (37) For the Lugansk Guards the concept of Ukraine is simply a fiction: \u201cThere is not, and was not, any Ukraine.\u201d (38)
\nDespite some superficially left-wing (in fact: populist) policies, the Lugansk Guards are cheerleaders for Yanukovich and his Party of the Regions. In April of this year a list of demands drawn up by the Guards included:
\n\u201cTo guarantee the above demands we call on the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Viktor Federovich Yanukovich, to call on the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to guarantee the security of residence of the legitimate President of Ukraine on the territory of Ukraine.\u201d (39)
\n(This is a convoluted call for Russia to launch a war of conquest against Ukraine, in order to restore Yanukovich to power.)
\nBearing in mind the concerns of \u201cZavtra\u201d and the Yalta conference to expose what is really happening, to breach the information blockade, and to \u201ctell the truth\u201d, two examples \u2013 one historical, one contemporary \u2013 demonstrate the contribution which the Lugansk Guards can make to these laudable goals.
\n\u201cA century ago everyone in Galicia regarded themselves as Russian. But what a terror was unleashed during the First World War by the Austro-Hungarian authorities (together with Ukrainian nationalists) in Galician Rus\u2019.
\nThe first concentration camp in the world \u2013 Thalerhof \u2013 was created by Austria-Hungary. It existed from 1914 to 1917 and was used only for Russians. \u2026 Over 100,000 Galician Ruthenians were physically exterminated by Austro-Hungary.
\nThey were hanged, shot, brutally tortured, their arms and feet were cut off, their teeth were pulled out, and their ears and fingers were cut off. Their essential guilt: their devotion to the Russian Orthodox Church, to pan-Russian unity, and to the Russian language.\u201d (40)
\n(Thalerhof was a wartime detention camp for \u2018enemy aliens\u2019. A total of 20,000 people were detained there between 1914 and 1917. As a result of the appalling conditions in the camp, between 2,000 and 3,000 people died, mostly during the first twelve to eighteen months.)
\nAfter the downing of the Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777 in July, the Lugansk Guards website, like other websites of a similar political ilk, provided the following insight into the event:
\n\u201cIt is probable that the goal of the Ukrainian rocket \u2013 either launched from the ground or fired by a military aeroplane \u2013 which hit the Boeing 777 airliner could have been the plane of the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin. \u2026 \u2018Number One\u2019 (Putin\u2019s plane) and the Malaysian Boeing crossed their flight paths near Warsaw.\u201d (41)
\nAleksei Albu<\/strong>
\nApart from the unknown Yana Manuilova (listed in the Declaration signatories as \u201cDonetsk People\u2019s Republic\u201d, but not known to have any position there, nor to have any particular record of political activity), the only other named signatory to the Declaration is Aleksei Albu.
\nAlbu is a leader of the Ukrainian socialist (of sorts) party Borotba, much feted by various European leftist groups as the voice of the \u2018real left\u2019 in Ukraine, for reason of its \u2018anti-fascist activities\u2019, its denunciations of Ukrainian oligarchies, and its support for the Donetsk and Lugansk People\u2019s Republics.
\nA former member of the Ukrainian Communist Party, Albu was a full-timer for the party from 2007 to 2011. He has been a member of Borotba since its foundation in 2011, when the CP\u2019s youth wing split from its \u2018parent\u2019 party and became one of the constituent elements of Borotba.
\nFrom the CP Borotba inherited not just Albu but also its Stalinism. According to Borotba:
\n\u201cGorbachev: From theoretical opportunism to betrayal. Everyone understands that Gorbachev betrayed socialism. The fact that Gorbachev betrayed socialism is clear to everyone today. This is such a commonplace that it is undesirable even to repeat it. \u2026 The Gorbachev leadership finally liquidated socialism in the USSR.
\nThe theoretical blindness of the Soviet communists (at the time of Gorbachev) is shared by their political opponents \u2013 Trotskyists. The most frightening thing is that this theoretical opportunism which paved the way for Gorbachev\u2019s counter-revolutionary work, is alive on the left today (i.e. in the Trotskyist movement).\u201d (42)
\nFor Borotba, the Maidan protests, both in terms of their demands and their social composition, were inherently right-wing, and resulted in a government variously defined by Borotba as \u201ca neo-liberal fascist government\u201d, \u201ca junta of oligarchs and neo-Nazis\u201d and \u201ca junta of oligarchs and Nazis\u201d.
\nBorotba went on to advocate a boycott of May\u2019s presidential elections, on the grounds that:
\n\u201cCounting the votes will be controlled by the junta, and voting will take place in conditions of the nationalist terror of the Right Sector and other neo-Nazi bands. Only a boycott and disruption of the elections will show the strength of the opponents of the junta.
\nVoting for any candidate, even an oppositional one or a \u2018south-eastern\u2019 one, will only legitimize the farce being staged by the junta of oligarchs and Nazis. If we do not recognise the authority of the Kiev usurpers, then we do not need to take part in their \u2018elections\u2019.\u201d(43)
\nThe protests in the south-east are portrayed by Borotba as unambiguously working-class in composition, anti-capitalist, pro-nationalisation and necessarily progressive \u2013 as evidenced, for example, by the singing of the Hymn of the Soviet Union at protest rallies. (44)
\nNow, writes Albu, there are only two political camps in Ukraine, and criticism of the \u201canti-junta forces\u201d would be inappropriate:
\n\u201cThe range of military and political organisations fighting in Ukraine today varies greatly. And if all of them are now actually divided into two camps \u2013 for or against the junta \u2013 then within each each there are various contradictions which will undoubtedly manifest themselves after victory.
\nFor now, during the harsh confrontation, the contradictions within the camp of the opponents of the junta (to which I belong) are on the backburner, and they are united around the main idea: the overthrow of the junta.\u201d (45)
\nIn a statement announcing the creation of a Committee for the Liberation of Odessa, Albu went even further in abandoning political criticism in the name of the \u201canti-junta struggle\u201d:
\n\u201cWhat unites us (in the Committee) is a hatred of the Kiev government of oligarchs and neo-fascists. \u2026 Until we achieve self-determination and people\u2019s power in the Odessa region we abandon all political differences and cease mutual criticism. We have a common enemy: the junta of oligarchs and neo-fascists.\u201d (46)
\nIn March of this year a number of Ukrainian socialist and anarchist organisations and individuals issued a joint statement denouncing Borotba as \u201cnot a part of our movement\u201d:
\n\u201cBorotba not only supports the authoritarian Soviet past. \u2026 Their activity at the moment does not have anything in common with leftist politics and class struggle. Moreover, Borotba does not disdain overt lies and manipulation of facts, deceiving foreign leftists and anti-fascists.\u201d (47)
\nIn response, Borotba accused signatories to the statement of:
\n\u201cTrying to collaborate with far-right and Nazi forces that dominated the Euromaidan protests \u2026 helping to bring to power open Nazis and just another clan of oligarchs \u2026 backing clerical, conservative and reactionary sentiments \u2026 trying to defend the coup on behalf of the Nazis, oligarchs and IMF.\u201d (48)
\nBorotba\u2019s accusation that its socialist and anarchist opponents collaborate with the far right is not only slanderously inaccurate. It is also profoundly hypocritical.
\nPictures and reports of a Moscow rally held in mid-June, which demanded that Putin send Russian troops into Ukraine and which was given full and favourable coverage by \u201cZavtra\u201d, confirm Borotba\u2019s involvement in the event \u2013 along with Russian nationalists such as Limonov\u2019s \u201cAnother Russia\u201d.
\n\u201cZavtra\u201d reported:
\n\u201cAll speakers at the rally were unanimous in their demands on the President of Russia, Vladmimir Putin, to immediately take the most decisive steps to defend the inhabitants of the Donbas from genocide by the Kiev junta.
\nOne of the speakers informed the meeting about the broad anti-fascist underground activity which had unfolded on the entire territory of Ukraine and existed in all the major cities.
\nThe underground activity was conducted under rally but at the very centre of the stage. Information about the activity of Borotba in Lviv and Kiev in particular was provided.\u201d (49)
\nAnyone relying on Borotba\u2019s output as a source of information about Ukrainian politics would certainly end up with a very skewered view of reality.
\nThey would know nothing of Russia\u2019s annexation of the Crimea. They would know nothing of the weaponry, munitions and fighters shipped into Ukraine from Russia. And they would believe that the Ukrainian military shot down the Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777 and then drove the BUK missile launcher away to hide the evidence. (50)
\nIn the same vein, Borotba\u2019s \u201cChronicle of the Junta\u2019s War Against Its Own People\u201d consists in large part of uncritical reproductions of even the most bizarre of statements issued by separatist military figures such as Strelkov-Girkin, Fedor Berezin and \u2018Abver\u2019, and of clips taken from Russian news programmes.
\nThe Declaration<\/strong>
\nDiscounting unnamed \u201cinitiative groups of anti-fascist resistance from Sumi, Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhe and Odessa\u201d \u2013 all of which are likely to be Borotba members, given the locations named and the use of the term \u201cgroups of anti-fascist resistance\u201d \u2013 the conference Declaration bears the names of 16 individuals and 6 organisations.
\nEight of the individual signatories are the \u201cWestern intellectuals\u201d: Freeman, Brenner, Bj\u00f6rk, Ehlers, Dworczak, Sommers, Desai and Annis. Another three are the Russian equivalent of the \u201cWestern intellectuals\u201d: Kagarlitsky, Koltashov and Glinchikova.
\nThe remaining five individual signatories are Anpilogiv, Rogov, Pjaterikova, Albu and the completely unknown Manuilova.
\nGiven the limited number of individual signatories and, more importantly, the limitations (not to use a deservedly harsher expression) of their politics, this hardly amounts to a ringing endorsement of the Declaration.
\nNor do the organizational signatories do anything to enhance the credibility of the document.
\nFive of the organisations in question are the Centre for the Co-ordination and Support for the Ukrainian Federation (i.e. Anpilogov), the Slavic Guards (i.e. Rogov), the Lugansk Guards (i.e. Pyaterikova), Borotba (i.e. Albu), and Kharkov People\u2019s Unity (a Borotba front organization).
\nThe sixth and final organization to put its name to the Declaration is the Union of Ukrainian Citizens. This works closely with Rogov\u2019s Slavic Guards (51) and is led by Alexei Natalenko:
\n\u201cOur position is simple. Yanukovich is the President of Ukraine. In Kiev there is a junta. As far as we are concerned, there are no elections in May. Anyone who supports them is a traitor as they legitimize the junta. We will picket polling stations in Ukraine and in the world.\u201d (52)
\nThis modest list of individuals and organisations does nothing to justify the Declaration\u2019s claim to have been drawn up by \u201crepresentatives of the people from south-east and central Ukraine and delegates from networks of international solidarity with the resistance to war in Ukraine.\u201d
\nThe contents of the Declaration itself have clearly been drafted with an eye to selling them to a European and American left-liberal and labour movement milieu.
\nThe right-wing government in Ukraine, says the Declaration, has been given extensive \u201cfinancial, diplomatic and military support by the US, UK and EU governments.\u201d The EU wants to open up Ukraine to capitalist investment. The US wants to open it up to NATO.
\nThe people of the Donetsk and Lugansk regions, the Declaration continues, have voted for self-rule and have declared autonomous people\u2019s republics. In response, the Kiev government is conducting a brutal military assault and crushing domestic dissent.
\nHardly surprisingly, given the location of the conference and the political composition of its attendees, the Declaration is silent on Russia\u2019s annexation of the Crimea and the subsequent repression of the indigenous Tatar population.
\nEqually unsurprisingly, for the same reasons, defence of Ukraine\u2019s right to self-determination and condemnation of the threat posed to it by Russian imperialism are also absent from the Declaration.
\nThe Declaration ends with a medley of predictable demands: end EU, US and NATO support for the Kiev government; end the war by the Kiev government; cancel NATO manoeuvres in Eastern Europe and Ukraine; end austerity policies; end the Kiev government\u2019s human rights violations.
\nAnd an international protest against the NATO summit in Wales in September.
\nJust three days after the Yalta conference an Amnesty International report was published which found that \u201cthe bulk of the abductions (in south-east Ukraine) are being perpetrated by armed separatists with the victims often subjected to stomach-turning beatings and torture.\u201d (53)
\nUnfortunately, but predictably, given the purpose of the exercise, the conference had failed to include in its Declaration the demand that the separatists too should refrain from human rights violations.
\nBut this is of no particular significance. The Declaration was just for use with suckers in Europe and America. The conference\u2019s \u2018real\u2019 political statement was the Manifesto.
\nThe Manifesto: Shulgin<\/strong>
\nThe very title of the manifesto \u2013 \u201cManifesto of the Popular Front for the National Liberation of Ukraine, Novorossiya and Transcarpathian Rus\u2019\u201d \u2013 is a telling indictment, from any even vaguely socialist point of view, of the document\u2019s politics.
\nNot the politics of class and class struggle but the politics of populism and popular frontism. Not the politics of socialist liberation but the politics of national separatism (with more than an undercurrent of Great-Russian chauvinism). Not the politics of real anti-fascism but the politics of nationalist extremism masquerading as hostility to fascism.
\nTranscarpathian Rus\u2019 is to be liberated from national oppression by Ukraine. Novorossiya \u2013 made up of not just the Donetsk and Lugansk regions but of six other regions of Ukraine as well \u2013 is to be liberated from national oppression by Ukraine.
\n(The Crimea is not mentioned in the Manifesto. Presumably, it already has been \u2018liberated\u2019 \u2013 by Russia.)
\nUkraine is also to be liberated from national oppression \u2013 because, in the political universe to which the Manifesto belongs, it is no longer an independent state but a colony of the US and\/or the EU, and one which take its orders from Washington and Brussels.
\nIn fact, according to the Manifesto, Ukraine is not a people, not a nation, not a state, but simply a blob of land: \u201cWhat is Ukraine? Ukraine is the territory between the European Union and Russia, with strong Christian traditions (primarily Russian-Orthodox), with a population made up of various peoples.\u201d
\n(The reference to the importance of the Russian-Orthodox religion is unlikely to have been included as a throwaway comment. Religious affiliation is an issue in the conflict:
\n\u201cArchpriest Andrey Novikov \u2026 said pointedly that Russia must win in Ukraine to defend the values of Russian Orthodoxy against Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and what he called the schismatic Ukrainian Orthodox groups. If it does not, he warned, this war \u2018will come to Russia itself\u2019.\u201d (54))
\nAt one point the Manifesto touchingly appeals: \u201cThe territory of the struggle is the entire territory of Ukraine. The insurgents in the south-east (Novorossiya), extend their hands to their brothers and sisters in all regions of Ukraine with the call: \u2018Stand up against our common enemy!\u2019\u201d
\nIn reality, the Manifesto allows for the total break-up of Ukraine (in the name, of course, of \u2018national liberation\u2019). And such a break-up has been unambiguously pledged by Strelkov-Girkin, that hero of so many attendees of the conference.
\nAs an article on the website of Pyaterikova\u2019s Lugansk Guards (uncritically) reported:
\n\u201cDonetsk People\u2019s Republic Defence Minister Igor Strelkov clarified the goal of future activities of the Armed Forces of Novorossiya. In Novorossiya Kiev will not be farmed out to Ukrainian fascism. But the Ukrainianisers can count on having their own state in the borders of Galicia:
\n\u2018Sod all for the Austrians and Poles, and certainly not Galicia. In Galicia, as in the past, there will be an \u2018independent\u2019 (Ukraine). We\u2019ll not be handing back Kiev, the \u2018mother of Russian cities\u2019, to the Ukries (slang for Ukrainians).
\nThe liberation of Kiev from the gang of paedophiles, religious sectarians and other scum which occupies it is one of the main goals of our campaign.\u2019\u201d (55)
\nThe word \u201cUkrainianisers\u201d was used by the writer Vasily Shulgin in the title of a book published in 1939: \u201cThe Ukrainianisers and Us\u201d. Shulgin argued that the concept of a \u201cUkrainian people\u201d had been invented by Germans and Austro-Hungarians to weaken and divide Russia.
\n\u201cUkrainianisers\u201d refered to people who tried to persuade, or force, Russians into believing that they were really Ukrainians. As an alternative, Shulgin advocated the unification of Great Russia, Little Russia (i.e. Ukraine) and Belorussia into a \u201cSingle and Indivisible Russia\u201d.
\nThe Manifesto: Izborsky Club<\/strong>
\nAccording to Ehlers\u2019 account of the conference there were \u201cdifferent opinions about how the provisional and current Kiev government\u201d should be defined:
\n\u201cNot legitimate, fascist, or \u2018only\u2019 a violently installed neo-liberal government which imposes the austerity goals of the Ukrainian oligarchs and foreign capital with the aid of fascist violence. Agreement was reached on the formulation: \u2018a neo-liberal government which contains fascist forces.\u2019\u201d
\nSuch a formulation might be fine for the \u201cdelegation of western intellectuals\u201d. But back in the real world, the political forces dominant at the conference clearly had nothing but contempt for their intellectual visitors and for any agreement reached with them.
\nThe Manifesto variously refers to the Kiev government as \u201cthe liberal-fascist regime\u201d, \u201cthe liberal-fascist authorities\u201d, and \u201cthe liberal-fascist ruling elites, a criminal union of oligarchs, bureaucrats, the military, and straightforward criminals, who serve the interests of foreign states.\u201d
\nJust as the Manifesto holds out the hand of friendship to the rest of Ukraine while simultaneously denying its right to exist, so too there is much superficially attractive verbiage in the Manifesto about how socially just and fair a future Novorossiya will be:
\n\u201cThe aim of our struggle is to construct on the territory of Ukraine a just and social people\u2019s republic without oligarchs and corrupt bureaucrats. \u2026 We will create a new, free and socially responsible people\u2019s power on the entire territory of Ukraine and Novorossiya. Power will belong to the people not in words but in fact.\u201d
\nBut Russian-nationalist extremism is permeated by invocations of the power of the people against oligarchs and capitalists (seen as an alien intrusion by the capitalist West, at odds with \u2018traditional\u2019 Russian values), coupled with reverence for a strong, but supposedly paternalistic, state.
\nThis explains why, for example, a Russian anti-Communist ultra-nationalist like Prokhanov is such a great admirer of North Korea (no oligarchs and no capitalists, but supposedly a \u201csocially responsible\u201d people\u2019s power, and certainly a strong state).
\nAnd the conference\u2019s Manifesto would certainly appear to owe rather more to the philosophy of Prokhanov than, say, to that of Robert Owen.
\nIn the \u201csocial people\u2019s republic\u201d which is to be created \u201con the territory of Ukraine\u201d, explains the Manifesto, \u201cthe interests of the people and their all-rounded development \u2013 spiritual, intellectual, social and physical \u2013 are the highest values and tasks of the state.\u201d
\nAny \u201cprivate or collective initiative which benefits the people and their development will be permitted.\u201d The state will be \u201cthe largest holder of capital and control strategic sectors of the economy.\u201d Private property will be permitted, but society will place controls on \u201clarge fortunes and their investment in politics and the economy.\u201d
\n\u201cUsurious banking capitalism, living off loan interest, will be banned\u201d because \u201cmoney must be earned not at the cost of debt bondage but through the realization of successful projects.\u201d And \u201cno-one will be allowed to parasitically exploit the people, to create oligarchic empires, and dominate people by creating artificial monopolies.\u201d
\nIt may be \u2013 another \u2013 coincidence, but the distinction drawn by the Manifesto between \u2018bad capitalism\u2019 (money-lending) and \u2018good capitalism\u2019 (investing in production) has an anti-semitic lineage (usurious Jews, as against productive gentiles), consistent with Prokhanov\u2019s own anti-semitic tirades.
\nThe Manifesto\u2019s differentiation of bad money-lending and good productive investment is also uncannily similar to a discussion about the same matter which took place at a meeting of the Izborsky Club in Donetsk just four days after the Yalta conference:
\n\u201cWhat is capital? Is this accumulated labour or something that can be created out of thin air, allowing banks to appropriate the labour of future generations? That is to say: to issue money, to give it as a loan, and force people to work all their lives to pay back the banking credit.
\nBut business credit \u2013 this is something completely different story. When a person takes business credit, then in the following month he does not spend the lion\u2019s share on his own development but in order to pay back that credit.\u201d (56)
\n(At the same meeting a Russian-Orthodox volunteer from Germany who had come to fight in the separatists\u2019 ranks for a \u201csocial people\u2019s republic\u201d informed Club members: \u201cIn the former German Democratic Republic most people very much regret that the Berlin Wall came down, having now discovered what is drug addiction, unemployment and drunkenness.\u201d (57))
\nThat the Manifesto reflects \u2013 and embodies \u2013 the politics of Prokhanov and the Izborsky Club should not come as a surprise.
\nIn early June the Izborsky Club blog carried the following announcement:
\n\u201cThe Izborsky Club has decided to form its own regional section in Lugansk, Slaviansk and Donetsk. Alexander Borodai, Pavel Gubarev and Igor Strelkov were elected as members of this regional section of the Izborsky Club.
\nThe task of this body is to create the political, economic and ideological conception of the new state of Novorossiya. The first meeting of the Club was brief and lasted only a few minutes. As a result of the meeting two helicopters were shot down\u201d. (58)
\nAt the same time, the Information Agency of Novorossiya reported:
\n\u201cDiscussions took place today between Pavel Gubarev (leader of the People\u2019s Militia of the Donbas, and leader of the Novorossiya Party) and the well-known writer and philosopher Alexander Prokhanov.
\nDuring the discussions the decision was taken that participants in the Izborsky Club \u2013 the best minds and patriots of the Russian World \u2013 will work out the economic and ideological conception of the future state of Novorossiya.\u201d (59)
\nA few days later Prokhanov announced:
\n\u201cThe leaders of the militia have suggested that the conception of this state which is called Novorossiya should be worked out by the efforts of the intellectuals of the Izborsky Club. They should draft the constitution of the future state. They should draft its ideology. They should draft the political structure of this unique phenomenon.
\nThe Izborsky Club has taken on this task as the most important matter of the day. The perspectives for the creation of a section of the Izborsky Club in Novorossiya are magnificent.
\nThis is because all those who are now fighting in Novorossiya and are the political, military and economic leaders are products of our school. At one time or another these people had material published in \u2018Zavtra\u2019. They are acquainted with many members of the Izborsky Club.
\nWe, the Izborsky Club, can consider ourselves to be part of the militant political movement for the creation of a new Russian World.\u201d (60)
\nIn mid-June Gubarev announced the first meeting of the Izborsky Club in Donetsk:
\n\u201cOn 14th June, a branch of the Izborsky Club is being inaugurated in Donetsk. The work of the Club on the territory on the Donetsk People\u2019s Republic is attracting the best specialists in the spheres of philosophy, history, politics and the social sciences. Practical specialists, and leaders of the Russian Spring will also be talking part in the work of this expert society.\u201d (61)
\nThe Izborsky Club is also already helping to write a textbook on the history of Novorossiya:
\n\u201cThe first part of the book covers the origins of the Slavs and the role of the Donets Basin as a region of Ancient Rus\u2019. Work on the textbook is being conducted within the framework of the programme \u2018Novorossiya \u2013 Back to its Sources\u2019.
\n\u2026 An intense discussion about this and many other questions took place at the meeting of the working group of the Popular Front of Novorossiya, to which specialists belonging to the Izborsky Club had been invited.\u201d (62)
\nAt the core of the leadership of the new \u201cpeople\u2019s social republic\u201d, therefore, are members of the Izborsky Club.
\nThe People\u2019s Governor of Donetsk is Pavel Gubarev. He is a member and chair of the Donetsk branch of the Izborsky Club. The leader of the military forces is Strelkov-Girkin, also a member of the Izborsky Club. In the period 1998-2000 he wrote fifteen articles for Prokhanov\u2019s \u201cZavtra\u201d.
\nThe Prime Minister of the Donetsk People\u2019s Republic is Alexander Borodai. He formerly worked with Prokhanov as a journalist for \u201cZavtra\u201d and co-founded the \u201cDjen\u201d TV channel with him in 2011. He continues to contribute to \u201cZavtra\u201d as an \u201cexpert opinion\u201d (63). And he is a member of the Izborsky Club.
\nIgor Druz \u2013 an aide to Strelkov-Girkin, head of the People\u2019s Assembly of Novorossiya, and a member of the Association of Russian-Orthodox Experts \u2013 does not appear to be a member of the Club. But he attends its meetings and contributes to them.
\nAn article on the second meeting of the Donetsk branch of the Izborsky Club, published by the Information Agency of Novorossiya, reported his contribution:
\n\u201cUntil the arrival of Igor Ivanovich (Strelkov-Girkin) in Donetsk there was too much democracy here. In Slaviansk if anyone was guilty of serious looting, we simply shot them. That\u2019s why there was no looting and we were very popular with the population.
\nWe had a \u2018dry law\u2019 (i.e. a ban on drinking). You need a strong power at a time of war. We are all in one boat \u2013 the peaceful citizens and the militia. Strelkov and Borodai must form a strong team.
\nThe colour revolutions (i.e. the popular protests in post-soviet states associated with a particular colour) always take place at a time of elections. Elections \u2013 they are our weak point. There must be less of them.\u201d (64)
\nOther leading figures in the embryonic \u201cpeople\u2019s social republic\u201d may not be members of the Izborsky Club. But they are far removed from being anywhere on the political left.
\nIn a statement issued in early July, entitled \u201cTrusted Fighters of the Russian World Gather in the Donetsk People\u2019s Republic: New Head of State Security Appointed\u201d, Borodai and Strelkov-Girkin announced that Vladimir Antufeyev had been appointed to be in charge of security in Donetsk.
\nAntufeyev backed Russian militants in Latvia in the late 1980s. He then fought in Moldova (along with Borodai and Strelkov-Girkin) in the war which resulted in the breakaway Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (TMR). For 20 years, until, 2012, he was in charge of the KGB in the TMR.
\n\u201cZavtra\u201d was ecstatic about Antufeyev\u2019s appointment. Following on from earlier laudatory coverage of his activities in the war in Moldova in the early 1990s, it published a lengthy paean of praise of the decision to appoint Antufeyev \u2013 \u201ca true and experienced professional\u201d \u2013 to take control of security. (65)
\nWhile Antufeyev was being appointed to take charge of security in Donetsk, the self-proclaimed head of the Lugansk People\u2019s Republic, Valery Bolotov, sacked \u2018his\u2019 government and appointed Marat Bashirov to the post of President of the Council of Ministers, tasked with forming a new government.
\nBashirov has been a General Director, Senior Vice-President, and Chair of the Board of Directors of various Russian private companies. His current positions include chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Interregional Union of Energy Supply Employers and membership of the Energy Sector Commission of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. (66)
\nNeither Antufeyev\u2019s record as the head of the Transnistrian KGB nor Bashirov\u2019s record as a champion of Russian big business inspire confidence in their abilities \u2013 or willingness \u2013 to create a \u201cpeople\u2019s social republic\u201d.
\nBut the Izborsky Club and \u201cZavtra\u201d certainly have every confidence in them.
\nThe Manifesto: Putin<\/strong>
\nWhereas the conference\u2019s Declaration sidestepped the issue of Russian involvement in the armed conflict in south-east Ukraine, the Manifesto does raise the issue, however incoherently, and comes up with the following explanation:
\n\u201cA significant section of the Russian elite fears popular socio-political protest. It would be happy to reach agreement with the Kiev authorities and end the war in the south-east (Novorossiya). But the fury of the popular uprising against oligarchic-bureaucratic liberal-fascist capitalism does not allow them to do so.
\nThe peoples of Russia support the just struggle of south-east Ukraine (Novorossiya). And this forces the entire Russian elite (i.e. Russian by origin, but not according to its views), often contrary to its own strategic interests, to support, or give the impression that it is \u2018supporting\u2019, the uprising of south-east Ukraine.\u201d
\nSo, firstly, the Manifesto cannot even come down on one side or the other. Either Russia really is providing support to the just struggle of Novorossiya. Or it is merely giving the impression that it is \u2018supporting\u2019 the struggle. But surely the Manifesto\u2019s authors must know one way or the other?
\nNext, the Manifesto argues that the Russian elite has no strategic interest in supporting the uprising.
\nThis is despite the fact that the Manifesto elsewhere argues that the USA needs \u201can anti-Russian state on the territory of Ukraine, with NATO bases on the border with Russia\u201d or, alternatively, it needs to \u201cplunge the country (Ukraine) into chaos, thereby destabilising the region.\u201d
\nThis would suggest that the Russian elite does have a strategic interest in weakening Ukraine. This, in turn, would entail support for the anti-government forces in south-east Ukraine, whilst seeking to ensure that the conflict and instability remain on the Ukrainian side of the border.
\nFinally, the Manifesto argues that the Russian elite supports (or maybe merely gives the appearance of supporting) the \u201cjust struggle of south-East Ukraine (Novorossiya)\u201d as a result of popular pressure from within Russia.
\nThis is a fantasy, and its author(s) must know that it is. Russia is an authoritarian right-wing state in which the normal channels of public-opinion pressure have been shut down. Short of full-scale confrontation, the Russian government is \u2018immune\u2019 to pressure from the street.
\nInsofar as there have been rallies in support of \u201cthe just struggle of Novorossiya\u201d, they have not been the expression of broad public opinion demanding that their government take action. Such rallies have been organized \u2013 and addressed \u2013 by Stalinists, Russian nationalists, White-imperialists, and fascists. (67)
\nRather than succumb to public opinion in relation to south-east Ukraine, the Russian government has done the opposite. It has deliberately sought to mislead and manipulate it. Thus, Russian state television coverage of events in Ukraine has included:
\n– When the Ukrainian presidential elections took place in late May, Russian TV broadcast \u2018updates\u2019 of the count showing the fascist Right Sector candidate in the lead with 30%. In reality the Right Sector candidate won 1% of the vote.
\n– Claims that Ukraine has been using phosphorous bombs in the fighting in the south-east \u2013 illustrated by footage from the American bombing of Iraq after the invasion of 2003.
\n– Claims that Ukraine has committed war atrocities in the fighting in the south-east, illustrated by footage filmed during the fighting in South Ossetia after the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008.
\n– Claims that Ukraine itself shot down the Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777, because it mistakenly thought that it was Putin\u2019s presidential plane.
\n– Claims that the Ukrainian forces are committing \u201cgenocide\u201d and pursuing a \u201cscorched earth policy\u201d in the fighting in the south-east. (68)
\nAnd yet, despite all this, and much more, the Manifesto portrays Putin as the helpless punchbag of Russian public opinion, forced into taking action (or perhaps just appearing to do so) by the relentless blows of the Russian civic society which he himself is dismantling.
\nApologists<\/strong>
\nUkraine is a country wracked by gross inequalities, ruled since independence by a succession of competing oligarchic factions with no commitment to anything other than their own self-enrichment.
\nIrrespective of which particular faction is in power at any given time, irrespective of whether or not Ukraine (eventually) becomes a member of the European Union, oligarchic rule means austerity for the overwhelming majority of the country\u2019s population.
\nIn the east of Ukraine there are additional issues arising out of the particularities of the region\u2019s history, economy and population.
\nHistorically, it has been subject to longer periods of Russian rule. Economically, it is dominated by heavy engineering and mining too weak to compete in the world market. And its population contains a higher proportion of Russians, either in terms of ethnic affiliations or cultural identity.
\nAnd now parts of the south-east are also being laid waste by military clashes between the Ukrainian military and armed separatist forces. (Irrespective of whether or not such forces support integration into Russia, they are \u201cseparatist\u201d in wanting independence for \u201cNovorossiya\u201d).
\nRussian imperialism \u2013 which, for centuries, and in one form or another, has oppressed Ukraine \u2013 is directly involved in that conflict, politically and militarily. Whatever Russia\u2019s specific goals may be, its intervention into Ukraine is an attack on the country\u2019s right to self-determination.
\nA socialist action plan for Ukraine would seek to unite the now-divided working class in a common struggle for expropriation of the rule of capital (not just oligarchs, or oligarchic capitalism) and a real democratization of all levels of government, including minority rights for the country\u2019s national minorities.
\nIt would defend Ukraine\u2019s right to self-determination against Russian intervention and aggression.
\nAnd it would be committed to fighting the forces of fascism and national chauvinism in all their forms \u2013 whether it be the Ukrainian Right Sector and Svoboda, or the outpourings of Prokhanov, Strelkov-Girkin, \u201cZavtra\u201d and the Izborsky Club.
\nBut the Yalta conference, like its Declaration and its Manifesto, was not about any of these things. In fact, the conference and its literary output were in irreconcilable opposition to any such socialist action plan.
\nIt was not only by travelling to Russian-occupied Crimea that conference attendees helped Russia\u2019s \u2018image\u2019 \u2013 however modestly, given their number and composition. Two conference goals, identified in an article in the Russian e-magazine \u201cPoliticheskoye Obrazovaniye, were:
\n\u201cPublications by conference participants in the western press and in the English-language section of the web (which) must facilitate the dissemination of information which is positive for Russia about the processes now underway.
\nParticipants in the event, having returned to their own countries, will circulate those ideas and opinions (from the conference), based on the new information and personal experiences gained in the course of their trip.\u201d (69)
\nBut this was far from being the worst aspect of the event.
\nIn terms of the conference\u2019s organisers, its participants, its \u2018special\u2019 guest speaker, and its Manifesto, the names and politics which occur time and time again are those of Prokhanov, \u201cZavtra\u201d, the Izborsky Club, and various other hangers-on of Russian-nationalist reaction.
\nAlthough the conference Manifesto talked of the insurgents \u201cextending their hands to their brothers and sisters in all regions of Ukraine\u201d, the only hand of friendship held out at this conference was the one extended by the leftist \u201cWestern intellectuals\u201d to Russian-nationalist extremism and fascism.
\nThose conference attendees who consider themselves of the left should disown the conference and its Declaration and Manifesto. No union branch or labour movement body should sign up to the Declaration nor support any organization which campaigns to win support for the Declaration.
\nSubservience<\/strong>
\nAnd, it must be said, the worst role in this debacle appears to have been played by Kagarlitsky.
\nLess than a week after the conference an article by Kagarlitsky appeared on the Rabkor (\u2018Workers Correspondence\u2019) website (70). Five days later it was republished on the Russian Spring website (71), a particularly vile version of the myriad of pro-separatist websites.
\nThe language of Kagarlitsky\u2019s article is reminiscent of that of the Russian ultra-nationalists. The Kiev authorities are termed \u201cthe Kiev junta\u201d. He talks of a \u201cfifth column\u201d in Donetsk and a \u201csixth column\u201d in the Moscow. The \u201cfifth column\u201d in Donetsk were \u201ctraitors\u201d who \u201csat in the leadership of the Donetsk People\u2019s Republic and had been bought by Akhmetov.\u201d
\nThere are now two camps in Russia, Kagarlitsky continues. There are the supporters of reaction (including some on the left), and those who \u201cwant to see the socio-economic revival of the post-Soviet world.\u201d
\nThe supporters of reaction are the \u201cKremlin sixth column\u201d, \u201cthe hidden enemies of Novorossiya\u201d, those who wanted to \u201cabandon Novorossiya\u201d in order to re-establish relations with Kiev.
\nKagarlitsky continues:
\n\u201cThose who backed Novorossiya, independently of their subjective leanings and prejudices, objectively stand for the social republic, for the union of the peoples, and for meaningful democracy, as was confirmed by the Yalta conference of 6th\/7th July.
\nNovorossiya has overcome its military-political crisis. Order has been restored in the direction of the military and the provision of the rear. There are also successes on the battlefield.
\nIn this situation it becomes important to clearly formulate the tasks of the resistance and let public opinion know of them in the SNG (post-Soviet federation) and the EU. A step in this direction was taken by the Yalta conference.
\nThe Declaration [Kagarlitsky has confused the Declaration with the Manifesto; it is the latter which he now quotes] states: \u2018We are fighting for the construction on the territory of Ukraine of a just and social people\u2019s republic without oligarchs and corrupt bureaucrats. \u2026 Our enemies are the liberal-fascist elites.\u2019\u201d
\nBut if what counts above all else is supporting Novorossiya \u2013 whatever the \u201csubjective leanings and prejudices\u201d of the individual or organization in question \u2013 then the road is open to forming a bloc \u2013 a \u201cPopular Front\u201d \u2013 with the likes of Anpilogov, Rogov, the Slavic and Lugansk Guards, and, one step further, Strelkov-Girkin, Gubarev and Prokhanov.
\nWhile the conference Declaration calls on Kiev to stop the war, what Kagarlitsky and the Declaration advocate is continuation of the war by \u2018their\u2019 side until victory: \u201cWe believe that every honest citizen and patriot will approve and support them (the basic principles and goals of our struggle). \u2026 Together \u2013 we will be victorious!\u201d
\n(And note that the Manifesto is not addressed to workers, or trade unionists, or socialists. It is addressed to \u201ccitizens and patriots\u201d. But patriotism, by definition, seeks to mobilize people on the basis of nationalist politics, not class politics.)
\nKagarlitsky praises the conference Manifesto. \u201cZavtra\u201d carries the Manifesto on the home page of its website. Truly, this is a \u201cPopular Front\u201d of an unprecedented political breadth.
\nAnd if all that counts is victory for Novorossiya, not the politics of the parties involved, then why not defend the \u2018right\u2019 of Russia to intervene \u2013 or even advocate that that \u2018right\u2019 should be exercised?
\nWhich is exactly the position taken by Kagarlitsky in a statement published on the website of Anpilogov\u2019s Centre of Co-ordination and Support for Novaya Rus\u2019 after the downing of the Malaysian Airlines Boeing 777:
\n\u201cIf the West and the new members of NATO, such as Poland, Latvia and Lithuania, provide Kiev with military assistance in the course of the civil war, then there is no reason why Russia should not help the other side in the Donetsk and Lugansk People\u2019s Republics.\u201d (72)
\nThis is not the language of class-struggle socialism. Like the Yalta conference and its documentary output, it is the expression of accommodation and subservience to the politics of Russian imperialism and its Stalinist and white-imperial champions.
\nNotes
\n1) http:\/\/www.rogerannis.com\/manifesto-of-the-peoples-front-for-the-liberation-of-ukraine-novorossiya-and-transcarpathian-rus\/
\n2) Reports of the conference at:
\na) http:\/\/kai-ehlers.de\/texte\/aktuelle-beitrage\/2014-07-16-internationale-konferenz-in-jalta-aufruf-zur-verteidigung-der-menschenrechte-in-der-sued-und-ostukrainekonferenz
\nd) http:\/\/rusvesna.su\/news\/1405106243
\nc) http:\/\/rabkor.ru\/report\/2014\/07\/09\/yalta
\nd) http:\/\/rabble.ca\/blogs\/bloggers\/roger-annis\/2014\/07\/antiwar-conference-crimea-resolves-to-fight-ukraine-govt-war-east
\ne) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/yaltinskij-manifest\/
\n3) http:\/\/www.rogerannis.com\/no-to-the-war-in-eastern-ukraine-declaration-of-yalta-crimea-antiwar-conference\/
\n4) http:\/\/www.lawinrussia.ru\/node\/299677
\n5) See report above by Kai Ehlers, a rather more honest account of the conference than some of the other versions in circulation.
\n6) See: http:\/\/www.workersliberty.org\/story\/2014\/07\/15\/geopolitical-stalinist-apologetics
\n7) http:\/\/www.rogerannis.com\/
\n8) See: http:\/\/www.workersliberty.org\/kag
\n9) http:\/\/rabkor.ru\/opinion\/2014\/07\/09\/novorossia
\n10) http:\/\/novorossia.su\/ru\/node\/2466
\n11) http:\/\/novosti.dn.ua\/details\/227524\/
\n12) See link at 2(e) above.
\n13) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/majdan-kak-model-dlya-rossii\/
\n14) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/nachnyom-s-referenduma\/
\n15) http:\/\/www.zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/terrorist\/
\n16) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/authors\/user\/6798\/articles\/?page=1&
\n17) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/plan\/
\n18) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/vestnik-yugo-vostoka\/
\n19) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/pomozhem-nashim-bratyam\/
\n20) Quoted in: http:\/\/www.workersliberty.org\/story\/2014\/07\/15\/pro-russian-separatists-regroup
\n21) http:\/\/centerkor-ua.org\/o-tsentre.html
\n22) http:\/\/centerkor-ua.org\/2014-07-14-07-08-14\/pomoshch-soprotivleniyu.html
\n23) See: http:\/\/www.lawinrussia.ru\/node\/299677
\n24) http:\/\/antifashist.com\/last-news\/257-vladimir-rogov-lider-slavyanskoy-gvardii.html
\n25) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/molodezh-i-kazaki-simvolicheski-soedinili-ukrainu-i-rossiyu-\/
\n26) http:\/\/anna-news.info\/node\/17217
\n27) ibid.
\n28) http:\/\/www.obretenie.info\/events\/ukraine\/44.htm
\n29) http:\/\/anna-news.info\/node\/17972 The document in question is better described as a hoax than a serious attempt at forgery. But separatist leaders sized on it as \u2018proof\u2019 of the role of American capitalism in Ukraine. The hoax was first published at: http:\/\/beforeitsnews.com\/politics\/2014\/07\/ukrainian-president-uses-rand-corporation-plan-in-eastern-ukraine-2634472.html
\n30) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JJFcbSHQbuQ
\n31) http:\/\/glagol.in.ua\/2013\/02\/27\/v-zaporozhe-nachalas-masshtabnaya-aktsiya-protiv-propagandyi-gomoseksualizma\/
\n32) http:\/\/rabkor.ru\/report\/2014\/07\/09\/yalta
\n33) Posted on 10.50pm 9th July at: http:\/\/vk.com\/id2996025
\n34) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/golos-podkarpatskoj-rusi\/
\n35) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/podkarpatskaya-rus-udar-s-tyila\/
\n36) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8SlUdX4Ot0k#t=12
\n37) http:\/\/new.evrazia.org\/article\/2493
\n38) http:\/\/gvardia.klassik.lg.ua\/category\/glavnaia\/histori\/
\n39) http:\/\/cxid.info\/laquo-luganskaya-gvardiya-raquo-oglasila-svoi-trebovaniya-spisok-n113698
\n40) http:\/\/gvardia.klassik.lg.ua\/tragediya\/
\n41) http:\/\/gvardia.klassik.lg.ua\/%E2%80%8Bistochnik-celyu-ukrainskoj\/
\n42) http:\/\/www.borotba.org\/gorbachev-ot-teoreticheskogo-opportunizma-k-predatelstvu.html
\n43) http:\/\/www.borotba.org\/xunta_obyavila_vojnu_sobstvennomu_narodu.html
\n44) http:\/\/borotba.org\/anti-junta_rebellion_and_its_reasons.html
\n45) http:\/\/www.borotba.org\/on_the_principles_of_the_new_state._by_alexei_albu.html
\n46)http:\/\/www.borotba.org\/v_kryimu_obyavili_o_sozdanii_komiteta_osvobozhdeniya_odessyi.html
\n47)http:\/\/avtonomia.net\/2014\/03\/03\/statement-left-anarchist-organizations-borotba-organization\/
\n48)http:\/\/borotba.org\/statement_of_the_union_borotba_over_recent_smear_campaign_against_anti-fascists_in_ukraine.html
\n49) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/miting-podderzhki-donbassa-v-moskve\/
\n50) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UX443-MBWbY, cross-posted by Borotba onto its own website.
\n51)http:\/\/atnews.org\/news\/ukraina_skorbit_sojuz_grazhdan_ukrainy_i_slavjanskaja_gvaridja_pokhoronili_evroassociaciju\/2013-11-29-11484
\n52) http:\/\/www.pravda.ru\/news\/world\/formerussr\/ukraine\/04-04-2014\/1203321-natalenko-0\/
\n53) http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-28250981
\n54)http:\/\/www.jamestown.org\/single\/?cHash=a31c382a8ebe7d0eedd966a78222da17&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42479&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7#.U8ryqJRdVuM
\n55) http:\/\/gvardia.klassik.lg.ua\/igor-strelkov-vperedi-osvobozh\/
\n56) http:\/\/novorossia.su\/ru\/node\/3924
\n57) ibid.
\n58) http:\/\/izborskiy-club.livejournal.com\/23034.html
\n59) http:\/\/novorossia.su\/node\/2386
\n60) http:\/\/vk.com\/izborskyclub?w=wall247725124_88%2Fall
\n61) http:\/\/vk.com\/izborskyclub?w=wall247725124_102%2Fall
\n62) http:\/\/rusvesna.su\/news\/1405790158
\n63) http:\/\/zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/plan\/
\n64) http:\/\/novorossia.su\/ru\/node\/3924
\n65) http:\/\/www.zavtra.ru\/content\/view\/tretij-varyag-novorossii\/
\n66) http:\/\/www.gaidarforum.ru\/en\/full.php?news_cid=867&news_id=5938
\n67) See, for example: http:\/\/rusvesna.su\/news\/1402516866
\n68) Further examples at: http:\/\/www.ostro.org\/general\/politics\/articles\/449617\/
\n69) http:\/\/www.lawinrussia.ru\/node\/299677
\n70) http:\/\/rabkor.ru\/editorial\/2014\/07\/14\/fracture
\n71) http:\/\/rusvesna.su\/recent_opinions\/1405726735
\n72) http:\/\/www.centerkor-ua.org\/mneniya\/kommentarii\/item\/1270-ukrainskaya-grazhdanskaya-vojna-ne-pererastet-v-mirovuyu.html
\nThis article first appeared on the site of Workers’ Liberty <\/a>(July 23, 2014)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[27],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/438"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=438"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/438\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=438"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=438"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/global-labour.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=438"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}