New forms of self-organisation by workers in the informal economy
Workers in the informal economy usually hear about themselves in the third person, referred to as unorganised vulnerable workers and victims of globalisation and neo-liberal capitalism.

This is despite the fact that workers in different sectors of the informal economy have been self-organising since the 1970s, when the Self-Employed Women’s Association in India (registered as a trade union, with over 2 million members today) started to organise women vegetable vendors and home-based workers in Ahmedabad in 1972 after the collapse of the textile industry. In 1979 the General Agricultural Workers‘ Union in Ghana started to organise informalised agricultural workers and peasant farmers after the ILO (Internatonal Labour Organisation) officially recognised rural workers whose employment relationships had been eliminated by the Structural Adjustment Programmes of the IMF and the World Bank.

Today we have international organisations of democratic membership-based organisations (some registered as trade unions, others working like trade unions but unwilling or unable to register as such due to short-sighted legislative regimes) of workers in the informal economy.

StreetNet International with over 600 000 members in 54 affiliated membership-based organisations in 49 countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas and (mainly Eastern) Europe, was launched in Durban, South Africa on 14 November 2002, a day which is now celebrated as International Street Vendors‘ Day.

StreetNet is an international federation of organised street vendors, informal market vendors and hawkers (i.e. mostly own-account workers ) deliberately initiated in the global South, so that the organisation would be led, and its founding policies formulated, by organised informal workers from the global South – to avoid the element of northern domination observed in global organisations such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the international trade union movement.

The International Domestic Workers‘ Federation (IDWF) with 59 affiliates of membership-based domestic workers organisations (including domestic workers‘ trade unions) and associations in 48 countries, was similarly launched in Montevideo, Uruguay, on 28 October 2013, after securing the adoption of ILO‘s Domestic Workers‘ Convention 189 in 2011 through their international unity and strength as an organised sector of workers.

This means that strong and viable representative organisations of workers in these sectors of the informal economy are alive and well at national level. The details of StreetNet International and IDWF affiliates can be found on their websites. There are also strong worker organisations in other sectors of the informal economy, such as waste pickers, home-based workers, informal transport workers, subsistence fisherpeople and rural workers.

In Brazil, for example, many cooperatives and associations of catadores (waste pickers) are part of the MNCR (Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materiais Reciclaveis) who organise informal workers in their sector into worker-controlled cooperatives. MNCR developed strong policies to maintain worker control of the cooperatives/associations and the movement. All elected leadership, no matter how senior, have to be working members of cooperatives/associations and to earn their income directly from this work, on an equal basis with other members of their cooperatives. Negotiations with government and municipalities is done directly by elected catadores leaders and not by technocrats, who can assist only in a support role. At local and regional levels the MNCR has sub-committees which negotiate directly with state and local governments, with varying levels of success. At federal level, however, a Comitê Interministerial de Inclusão Social de Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis (inter-ministerial committee) was established by President Lula, in response to the development of the MNCR movement.

This was an advisory committee which met monthly with elected MNCR leaders, and every year in December, while the Brazilian Workers’ Party (PT) was in office, the President met with the catadores to evaluate the progress of the Inter-Ministerial Committee. MNCR has a policy of political independence. Their perception is that the trade unions all have political affiliations, and therefore they have avoided trade union affiliation as well.

In the sector of organised waste pickers and recycling workers, a regional network Red LACRE (Red Latinoamericana de Recicladores) was established in Bogota on 1 March 2008, a day which is now celebrated as National Day of Waste Pickers and Recycling Workers.

There are also regional networks in other sectors of the informal economy, such as HomeNet South Asia and HomeNet South-East Asia . The International Transportworkers’ Federation (ITF) has informal transport workers’ organisations as affiliates, and other Global Union Federations such as BWI, IUF and UNI have also accepted membership-based organisations of workers in the informal economy as their affiliates. However, the trade union movement in many countries is still struggling to come to terms with organising workers in the informal economy on equal terms with the traditional organised sectors – with the same recognition of their rights to representation by their own democratically elected leadership – and embracing the membership-based organisations which arose from self-organisation, not organised by themselves, into the wider trade union movement.

Challenges for the trade union movement:

1 Political will: getting trade union leadership to prioritise the organisation of workers in the informal economy, and to make human and financial resources available to implement this.
2 Legal changes: if a country’s laws are an obstacle to organising workers in the informal economy, unions need to struggle for the necessary changes to the laws.
3 Constitutional changes: changing trade union constitutions where this is the obstacle to organising informal workers.
4 New organising strategies: learning new organising strategies which are more appropriate for workers in the informal economy. This could mean identifying new negotiating partners (e.g. municipalities in the case of street vendors, rather than employers) and new collective bargaining strategies and demands.
5 Women leadership: overcoming the traditional male bias in formal sector trade unions in order to have significant leadership by women (who are in the majority, especially in the lowest income-earning work) in the informal economy.
6 Learning from those doing it already: by means of exchange visits or other engagements, unions can learn from the experiences of those who are already organising in the informal economy, avoid some of the mistakes and replicate the more successful strategies. There are many different models operating successfully – so sometimes a combination of different models can be applied where no single one fits exactly.
7 Organising workers in the informal economy as workers and as equals: because of the greater marginalisation of workers in the informal economy, their often lower levels of formal education, there is often a tendency for formal workers to want to do things on their behalf instead of organising for them to represent themselves and set their own organisational agenda. Formal workers need to be conscious to avoid this tendency – remembering the struggles they themselves previously had to wage to represent themselves instead of being represented by others.
8 Joint campaigns: for successful joint campaigns, there must be demands set by the workers in the informal economy as well as the demands of the formal workers. If the formal workers set all the demands and the agenda and expect the support of workers in the informal economy when there is nothing in it for them, it will not work.
9 Tackling globalisation: workers need to confront the negative consequences of globalisation in a unified way (i.e. formal and informal workers should identify their common ground and organise around that) in order to find ways of influencing or acting on the way in which they are affected by globalisation.
10 Taking a lead in civil society: if trade unions are sufficiently representative of the working people (which is usually the majority of adults) in any society, they are the natural leaders of any civil society or social movement. They become much more representative of the wider working class if they genuinely represent the workers in the informal economy, and are then much better equipped to take up a leading civil society role.

So the part of the trade union movement which recognises all workers (including own-account workers) as workers, can and should promote that all workers are entitled to represent themselves through their own democratically elected representatives – which may mean developing new models of statutory bargaining forums suitable to the new sectors of workers being organised, in line with the principle “Nothing For Us Without Us”. The working-class alliance of trade unions and worker-controlled cooperatives needs to work together for the promotion of an alternative political economy to replace the current neo-liberal capitalist models existing in most countries.

Notes:
http://www.streetnet.org.za
as defined in Clause 4 of the ILO Resolution on Decent Work & the Informal Economy adopted at the 90th session of the International Labour Conference in 2002.

http://www.idwfed.org
http://www.streetnet.org.za/show.php?id=22
http://www.idwfed.org/en/affiliates
http://www.mncr.org.br

See Horn, P (2008/9) Notes on visits to Cooperatives – Brazil (unpublished but widely shared)

http://www.redrecicladores.net
http://www.wiego.org/wiego/homenet-south-asia
http://www.wiego.org/wiego/homenet-south-east-asia
http://www.informalworkersblog.org

Pat Horn is the StreetNet International Coordinator